What you need to know about gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the increased needs during pregnancy. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels.

Gestational diabetes can affect pregnant individuals who have never had diabetes before. It typically develops in the second half of pregnancy and often goes away after the baby is born. However, it's essential to manage and control gestational diabetes to ensure the health of both the mother and the baby.

What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?

• Family history

• Obesity

• Age, especially those over 35

• Previous gestational diabetes

• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

• Ethnicity, like African American, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian American

• Excess amniotic fluid

• Hypertension

• Sedentary lifestyle

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Gestational diabetes often does not show noticeable symptoms. However, some pregnant individuals may experience mild symptoms or signs that could indicate its presence. These symptoms may include:

• Increased thirst

• Frequent urination

• Fatigue

• Blurred vision

• Yeast infections

• Slow healing

• Increased hunger

How do you diagnose gestational diabetes?

• The initial screening for gestational diabetes is usually done between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy. This involves a glucose challenge test (GCT) in which you drink a sugary solution, and your blood sugar levels are tested after an hour.

• If the follow-up glucose tolerance test (GTT) results show elevated blood sugar levels, a follow-up glucose tolerance test (GTT) is performed. During this test, you'll fast overnight, and then your blood sugar levels are measured before and at specific intervals after drinking a more concentrated glucose solution.

• In some cases, if the GTT results are still elevated, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) may be conducted. This is a more comprehensive test that measures blood sugar levels at fasting and at multiple intervals after consuming a glucose solution.

• The diagnosis of gestational diabetes is based on specific blood sugar level criteria established by health care providers. The criteria may vary, but common thresholds include fasting blood sugar levels of 92 mg/dL or higher, one-hour levels of 180 mg/dL or higher, and two-hour levels of 153 mg/dL or higher.

Tips for managing gestational diabetes

• Regular blood sugar monitoring: You'll need to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly, typically several times a day. This helps you and your healthcare team track your response to dietary changes and medication if prescribed.

• Healthy eating plan: A registered dietitian can help create a personalized meal plan that focuses on controlling blood sugar levels. This plan often includes monitoring carbohydrate intake, choosing complex carbohydrates, and incorporating a balanced mix of nutrients.

• Regular exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity, as recommended by your healthcare provider, can help control blood sugar levels. Activities such as walking, swimming, and prenatal yoga are often recommended.

• Medication or insulin: In some cases, dietary changes and exercise may not be sufficient to manage gestational diabetes. Your healthcare provider may prescribe medication or insulin to help regulate blood sugar levels.

• Frequent check-ups: You'll have more frequent prenatal check-ups to monitor both your health and the baby's development. This may include regular ultrasounds and non-stress tests to ensure the baby is growing well.

• Blood pressure monitoring: Gestational diabetes increases the risk of high blood pressure, so monitoring your blood pressure is crucial.

• Glycemic control: Work closely with your healthcare provider to achieve and maintain glycemic control. This involves keeping your blood sugar levels within target ranges to reduce the risk of complications.

• Hydration: Stay well-hydrated, and monitor for signs of dehydration, as it can affect blood sugar levels.

What you can do to prevent gestational diabetes

Preventing gestational diabetes involves making lifestyle choices and taking steps to reduce the risk of developing this condition during pregnancy. While not all cases can be prevented, the following measures can help lower the risk:

• Maintain a healthy weight: Before becoming pregnant, aim to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese increases the risk of gestational diabetes.

• Regular physical activity: Engage in regular physical activity, such as walking, swimming, or prenatal yoga. Exercise can help control weight and improve insulin sensitivity.

• Balanced diet: Adopt a well-balanced, nutritious diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit the consumption of sugary and highly processed foods.

• Control carbohydrate intake: Pay attention to the quantity and quality of carbohydrates you consume. Choose complex carbohydrates and monitor portion sizes.

• Monitor blood sugar: If you have risk factors for gestational diabetes, such as a family history or obesity, discuss blood sugar monitoring with your healthcare provider before pregnancy.

• Plan your pregnancy: If possible, plan your pregnancy when you're in good health and have time to make healthy lifestyle changes before becoming pregnant.

• Consult with health care providers: Regular prenatal care is essential. Consult with your OB/GYN to assess your risk factors and develop a personalized pregnancy plan.

• Screening and testing: Follow recommended prenatal screening and testing procedures, including the glucose tolerance test (GTT) during the second trimester.

• Stress management: Manage stress through relaxation techniques, meditation, or other stress-reduction methods. High stress levels can affect blood sugar.

Diabetes is a lifelong condition, but with the right treatment and self-care, people with diabetes can lead healthy, fulfilling lives. Consult with your endocrinologist to create a personalized plan based on your specific condition.