Nerve disorders symptoms and treatments

Nerve disorders, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body. Nerve disorders can manifest in many ways, including changes in movement, sensation, cognitive function, or autonomic functions (such as breathing and blood pressure regulation).

What causes nerve disorders?

• Genetic factors: some nerve disorders are caused by genetic mutations that affect the function or structure of nerve cells.
• Injuries: injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and blunt force trauma can damage nerves and lead to nerve disorders.
• Infections: certain infections such as herpes zoster, Lyme disease, and HIV can cause nerve damage and lead to nerve disorders.
• Autoimmune disorders: autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome can cause the immune system to attack nerve cells, leading to nerve damage and dysfunction.
• Exposure to toxins: exposure to toxins such as heavy metals, chemicals, and certain drugs can damage nerves and lead to nerve disorders.
• Nutritional deficiencies: deficiencies in certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, vitamin E, and folate can lead to nerve damage and dysfunction.
• Medical conditions: medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and thyroid disorders can increase the risk of developing nerve damage and nerve disorders.

What are the different types of nerve disorders?

• Peripheral neuropathy is the most common type of nerve disorder and affects the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. It can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hands and feet.
• Autonomic neuropathy affects the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder control. It can cause symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, constipation, and sexual dysfunction.
• Cranial neuropathy affects the cranial nerves which control the senses and movements of the head and face. It can cause symptoms such as double vision, facial paralysis, and loss of taste or smell.
• Diabetic neuropathy is caused by diabetes and affects the nerves in the feet and legs. It can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness and can lead to foot ulcers and amputations.
• Hereditary neuropathy is inherited and can affect the sensory and motor nerves. It can cause symptoms such as loss of sensation, weakness, and muscle wasting.

What are the common symptoms of nerve disorders?

Symptoms of nerve disorders can vary depending on the type of disorder and the location of the affected nerves. Here are some common symptoms:

• Pain: can range from mild discomfort to severe, sharp, shooting pain
• Numbness: loss of sensation or a tingling sensation
• Weakness: loss of strength or difficulty moving a body part
• Muscle atrophy: shrinking or wasting of muscles due to loss of nerve signals
• Autonomic dysfunction: changes in involuntary bodily functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion
• Sensory changes: changes in touch, temperature, and proprioception (awareness of body position)
• Coordination difficulties: difficulty with balance, walking, or fine motor movements
• Paralysis: loss of movement and sensation in a body part

How do you diagnose a nerve disorder?

Diagnosing a nerve disorder typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Here are some steps that may be involved in the diagnostic process:

• Medical history: your primary care provider may ask about your symptoms, when they started, and if there are any factors that make them better or worse.
• Physical examination: your doctor may perform a physical examination to check for signs of nerve damage, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or loss of reflexes.
• Neurological examination: your doctor may test your nerves and reflexes, check your muscle strength and tone, and assess your sensory function.
• Electromyography (EMG): this test measures the electrical activity of your muscles and can help diagnose nerve damage or muscle disorders.
• Nerve conduction studies: this test measures how well electrical signals travel along your nerves and can help diagnose nerve damage.
• Imaging tests: your doctor may order imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to check for structural problems or abnormalities in your nerves or spine.
• Blood tests: blood tests can check for underlying conditions that may be causing nerve damage, such as diabetes or vitamin deficiencies.

Depending on the suspected nerve disorder and the results of the initial tests, additional tests or referrals to specialists may be needed for a more accurate diagnosis.

How do you treat a nerve disorder?

The treatment for a nerve disorder depends on the type and severity of the disorder. Here are some common treatment options:

• Medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidepressants can help manage symptoms of nerve disorders.
• Physical therapy can help improve muscle strength, flexibility, and range of motion, as well as reduce pain and improve overall functioning.
• Occupational therapy can help individuals with nerve disorders learn new ways to perform activities of daily living and improve their quality of life.
• Surgery may be necessary for certain nerve disorders, such as those caused by nerve compression or tumors.
• Lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding activities that exacerbate symptoms can help manage symptoms of nerve disorders.
• Complementary therapies such as acupuncture, massage, and yoga may also help manage symptoms of nerve disorders.

It's important to work with a health care provider, like a St. Luke's Health neurologist or primary care provider, to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to your individual needs and preferences.

How to reduce your risk for nerve disorders

In many cases, it is not possible to prevent nerve disorders since they may be caused by genetic factors, underlying medical conditions, or injuries that cannot be anticipated or prevented. However, there are certain measures that can help reduce the risk of developing nerve disorders or minimize their severity:

• Regular exercise can help maintain healthy nerve function and reduce the risk of nerve damage.
• Maintaining a healthy diet that is rich in nutrients can help protect nerve cells and support nerve function.
• Exposure to certain toxins such as pesticides, heavy metals, and certain chemicals can damage nerves. Avoiding exposure to these toxins can help reduce the risk of developing nerve disorders.
• Managing certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and autoimmune disorders, through proper medical care and lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of nerve disorders.
• Wearing protective gear such as helmets, gloves, and safety shoes can help prevent injuries that can lead to nerve damage.
• Maintaining good posture can help prevent nerve compression and reduce the risk of nerve damage.

While it may not be possible to completely prevent nerve disorders, taking these steps can help reduce the risk of developing them or minimize their impact on daily life.

What autoimmune disorders affect the nervous system?

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, leading to damage and dysfunction of nerve cells.
• Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, tingling, and loss of sensation in the limbs.
• Myasthenia gravis affects the neuromuscular junction, where nerve impulses meet muscle fibers. It can cause muscle weakness, particularly in the face, neck, and limbs.
• Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to blindness and paralysis.
• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, tingling, and loss of sensation in the limbs.
• Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the spinal cord, causing muscle stiffness and spasms.