What does eczema look like?

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation, dryness, itching, and irritation of the skin. It is a common condition that can affect people of all ages, from infants to adults. Eczema often appears in patches or areas of the skin that may become red, swollen, and itchy. These patches can vary in size and severity.

What are the causes of eczema?

Eczema can have several contributing factors that lead to its development. While the exact cause is not fully understood, a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors play a role in triggering eczema. Some of the primary causes and factors associated with eczema include:

• Genetics: A family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever can increase the likelihood of developing eczema. Genetic variations can affect the skin's barrier function, making it more susceptible to irritation and inflammation.

• Immune system dysfunction: People with eczema often have an overactive immune response, leading to inflammation and skin irritation. This can be triggered by various internal and external factors.

• Skin barrier dysfunction: The outermost layer of the skin acts as a barrier, preventing moisture loss and protecting against irritants. In eczema, this barrier can be compromised, allowing allergens and irritants to penetrate the skin and trigger inflammation.

• Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental triggers, such as harsh chemicals, detergents, fragrances, and climate changes, can exacerbate eczema symptoms.

• Allergens: Allergens like pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and certain foods can trigger allergic reactions that manifest as eczema flare-ups in susceptible individuals.

• Irritants: Contact with irritants such as soaps, detergents, synthetic fabrics, and certain metals can lead to skin irritation and worsen eczema symptoms.

• Microbes: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause eczema to flare up or worsen existing symptoms.

• Stress: Emotional stress can weaken the immune system and trigger eczema flare-ups in some individuals.

• Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menstrual cycles, can influence eczema symptoms.

• Scratching and rubbing: Persistent scratching or rubbing of the skin can damage the skin's protective barrier and exacerbate eczema symptoms.

What are the types of eczema?

• Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema, often occurring in people with a family history of allergies or asthma. It causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin, typically appearing on the face, neck, and limbs.

• Contact dermatitis is divided into two subtypes:

  • Allergic contact dermatitis is caused by an allergic reaction to substances like certain metals, latex, or fragrances. Skin becomes red, itchy, and may develop blisters.

  • Irritant contact dermatitis is triggered by direct contact with irritants like chemicals, detergents, or solvents. It leads to dry, cracked, and painful skin.

• Dyshidrotic eczema is characterized by small blisters on the hands and feet, often accompanied by itching. It can be triggered by stress, allergens, or exposure to metal.

• Nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema, it causes coin-shaped patches of red, inflamed skin that may ooze or crust. It's often triggered by dry skin, irritants, or allergens.

• Seborrheic dermatitis is a common form of eczema that affects the scalp (known as dandruff), face, and other areas with oil glands. It causes red, scaly patches and can be related to yeast overgrowth.

• Stasis dermatitis occurs in the lower legs due to poor blood circulation, often seen in individuals with venous insufficiency. It leads to swelling, redness, and itching.

• Neurodermatitis, also called lichen simplex chronicus, is characterized by thick, scaly patches of skin that result from repeated scratching or rubbing.

• Autoimmune eczematous dermatitis is rare, but includes conditions like dermatomyositis and lupus, which can cause skin inflammation and rashes.

• Hand eczema is a type of contact dermatitis that affects the hands due to exposure to irritants or allergens. It leads to redness, itching, and sometimes painful cracks.

• Asteatotic eczema is often seen in older adults and is linked to dry, cracked skin and worsens in dry climates or during winter.

What are the symptoms of eczema?

• Itching (pruritus): Intense itching is a hallmark symptom of eczema. The skin may become inflamed and irritated due to persistent scratching.

• Dryness: Eczema-prone skin tends to be excessively dry and can appear rough or scaly.

• Redness (erythema): Affected areas often develop red patches, which may range from mild to intense in color.

• Inflammation: Inflammation of the skin is common, leading to swelling, warmth, and discomfort.

• Rashes: Eczema can cause various types of rashes, including small red bumps, raised patches, or oozing blisters.

• Cracking: The skin may crack and develop fissures, especially in areas where movement or bending occurs frequently.

• Oozing or weeping: In some cases, eczema may lead to oozing or weeping of clear fluid, resulting in the formation of crusts.

• Thickening (lichenification): Prolonged scratching or rubbing can lead to thickened, leathery skin in the affected areas.

• Blisters: Certain types of eczema, such as dyshidrotic eczema, can lead to the formation of small blisters on the hands and feet.

• Scabbing: Due to constant scratching, the skin can develop scabs and become prone to infection.

• Discoloration: Over time, chronic eczema can cause the affected skin to darken or become hyperpigmented.

• Sensitive skin: Eczema-prone skin is often more sensitive to irritants and allergens, which can exacerbate symptoms.

• Sleep disturbances: Itching and discomfort may interfere with sleep, leading to restlessness and fatigue.

• Changes in texture: Eczema can alter the texture of the skin, making it feel rough, bumpy, or uneven.

• Secondary infections: Scratching can create openings in the skin, increasing the risk of bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.

• Emotional impact: The physical discomfort and visible symptoms of eczema can lead to emotional stress, affecting a person's quality of life.

How to provide eczema relief

Providing relief from eczema involves a combination of skincare practices, lifestyle adjustments, and medical treatments. While individual experiences may vary, here are some general strategies to help alleviate eczema symptoms and provide relief:

• Moisturize regularly: Apply a thick, fragrance-free moisturizer or emollient multiple times a day to keep the skin hydrated and prevent dryness. Opt for products that contain ingredients like ceramides or hyaluronic acid.

• Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid irritants and allergens that can trigger eczema flare-ups. This may include certain fabrics, harsh detergents, perfumes, and specific foods.

• Cool compresses: Applying cool, damp compresses to itchy areas can help soothe irritation and reduce itching.

• Short, lukewarm baths: Take short, lukewarm baths to help retain the skin's moisture. Avoid hot water, which can exacerbate dryness.

• Prescribed medications: Topical corticosteroid creams or ointments prescribed by a dermatologist can help reduce inflammation and itching during flare-ups.

• Avoid scratching: Keep nails short and wear soft, breathable gloves at night to minimize scratching, which can worsen symptoms.

• Humidify the air: Use a humidifier in your home, especially during dry months, to maintain optimal humidity levels and prevent skin dryness.

• Wear breathable fabrics: Choose soft, breathable fabrics like cotton to minimize skin irritation from clothing.

• Prescription treatments: For severe cases, a dermatologist may recommend systemic medications, such as oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, to manage inflammation.

• Dietary modifications: Some individuals may benefit from identifying and avoiding potential trigger foods. Consult a healthcare professional before making dietary changes.

What are some natural remedies to relieve eczema?

• Coconut oil: Applying virgin coconut oil to affected areas can help moisturize the skin and reduce inflammation.

• Oatmeal baths: Taking an oatmeal bath can soothe itchy skin. Add colloidal oatmeal to lukewarm water and soak for 15-20 minutes.

• Aloe vera: The gel from aloe vera plants has anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties that can help soothe irritated skin.

• Honey: Raw honey may have antibacterial properties and can be applied topically to eczema-prone areas. Patch-test before use.

• Cold compresses: Applying cold, damp cloths to affected areas can help reduce itching and inflammation.

• Lifestyle changes: Avoid smoking, limit alcohol consumption, and maintain a healthy weight to promote overall skin health.

• Hydration: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your skin hydrated from within.

How to prevent eczema flare-ups

Avoiding eczema flare-ups involves implementing preventive measures to minimize triggers and maintain healthy skin. While individual experiences may vary, here are some strategies to help you prevent eczema flare-ups:

• Identify triggers: Keep track of activities, foods, environments, and products that seem to trigger your eczema. This can help you make informed choices to avoid these triggers.

• Moisturize regularly: Apply a fragrance-free moisturizer to your skin daily to maintain hydration and strengthen the skin's barrier.

• Choose skin-friendly products: Opt for hypoallergenic, fragrance-free, and gentle skincare products to reduce the risk of irritation.

• Minimize stress: Practice stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing to help prevent stress-related flare-ups.

• Manage allergies: If you have allergies, work with a health care provider to manage them effectively, as allergic reactions can trigger eczema.

• Protect from extreme weather: During cold weather, wear warm clothing and gloves to protect your skin. In hot weather, use sunscreen and seek shade to avoid sunburn.

• Regular provider visits: Schedule routine check-ups with a Baylor St. Luke's Medical Group primary care provider to monitor your skin's health and receive personalized guidance.